![]() ![]() So far, various perspectives have been presented in the field of personality psychology. Personality is defined by tendencies and sustainability characteristics that determines the similarities and differences in psychological behaviors (such as thoughts, emotions, and actions) of individuals and shapes a complex pattern of learning and biological preparation. In summary, increased cortisol secretion is due to the activation of HPA, while activation of SAM leads to an increase in sAA. ![]() However, a rapidly growing collection of research emphasize the usefulness of salivary alpha-amylase protein as an indicator of the increased activation of the SAM system. So far, the evaluation of the SAM system has been limited to electrophysiological measurements such as skin conduction, heart rate, or plasma measurements of epinephrine and norepinephrine. In general, serum, urine and saliva cortisol are classical biomarkers to measure of biological stress response. Cortisol and catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine) are known as reliable stress markers for the reactivity of HPA axis and SAM systems. Also they represent underlying and various physiological processes, including normal biological processes, pathogenic status and/ or response to therapy. Biomarkers are biological indicators (as a biological characteristic) which can be objectively measured and evaluated in tissues, cells or various fluids of the body such as blood, urine and saliva. ![]()
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